He hītori o te whenua Māori

Te Taenga mai o te Māori ki Aotearoa

Ka tae putuputu mai ngā waka o ngā tīpuna i ngā tau 1300, ka ū ki ngā rohe maha o te motu. Ka hoki ngā whakapapa o te nuing o ngā iwi ki te ūranga o tō rātou waka.

Rapua ngā iwi ki runga i te mahere

Rapua ngā whakapānga o ngā iwi

Nō mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā, ka tiakina te whenua e ngā iwi nō rātou te rohe. Ehara i te mea kei te tangata kotahi te mana pupuri o te whenua —ka mahi ngātahi te katoa, hei whakamarumaru, hei whakaū hoki i te oranga pūmau o te whenua mō ngā rā e heke mai ana.

I ētahi rohe, he rerekē te whakamahinga o tētahi hapū, o tētahi whānau rānei o te whenua kotahi — hei tauira, ka hī ika tētahi rōpū, ka tipu kai tētahi atu rōpū ki runga i te wāhi kotahi.

Te taenga mai o te Pākehā

Ko te kaitoro Tatimana, ko Abel Tasman, te Pākehā tuatahi i tau mai ki Aotearoa i te tau 1642, whai muri mai ko Kāpene James Cook i te tau 1769.

Nō muri mai i te taunga mai o Cook, ka tae putuputu mai ngā kaipatu tohorā me ngā kaipatu kēkeno, ka nōhia te whenua o Aotearoa e ngā Pākehā tuatahi i te tīmatanga o te tau 1800. Tokoiti noa iho ngā Pākehā i te tuatahi, heoi, ka piki haere tō rātou tokomaha nō muri mai i te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840.

Te tatau o te Māori me te Pākehā, 1838–1901

Ka tae mai te nuinga o ngā Pākehā i runga i te tūmanako ka riro i a rātou ētahi whenua hei whakatū pāmu — nā tō rātou hiakai ki te whenua me te hiahia kia mau i a rātou te mana pupuri o aua whenua, ka hua mai ngā tohe whenua.

Ki ngā tīpuna, nō te rōpū kē te mana whakahaere o te whenua, nā ka puta mai ngā raruraru i te hiahia o te Pākehā ki te mana pupuri o te whenua mōna anake.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

Tōna tikanga, he pātuitanga te Tiriti o Waitangi i waenga i te Māori me te Karauna. He mea haina i te tau 1840 e te Karauna o Piritana me te tokomaha o ngā rangatira Māori. Heoi, nā runga i ngā tirohanga rerekē o te Māori me te Karauna ki ngā tikanga a te Tiriti me te whatinga o aua tikanga, ka puta mai ngā raruraru.

Ko tētahi o ngā putanga o te Tiriti, ko te whakatau ka hokona te whenua Māori e te Karauna anake. E kīia ana ko te 'mana hoko' tēnei. Nā runga i taua tikanga ā-ture, ka hoko te Karauna i te rua hautoru o te whenua o Aotearoa i te Māori, ko te nuinga o Te Waipounamu hoki tērā. Ka hokona atu anō te nuinga o aua whenua, ka tukuna, ka rīhingia rānei ki ngā Pākehā tuatahi. Nō muri atu, ka tohea te nuinga o aua hokotanga.

Rapua ētahi atu kōrero mō Te Tiriti o Waitangi

Ngā hokonga me ngā raupatu whenua

I mua mai i te hainatanga o te Tiriti, nō te Māori te nuinga o ngā whenua o Aotearoa. Heoi, i waenganui i te tau 1840 me te tau 1900, ka riro te nuinga o ō rātou whenua. Nō te tau 1870, kua riro te nuinga o Te Waipounamu i te Karauna, nō te tīmatanga o te rautau 1900, ka riro hoki te nuinga o Te Ika a Māui.

Nō te tau 1920, e 8% anake te nui o te whenua Māori i Aotearoa. Ka ngaro te whenua nā ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

Ngā Pakanga Whenua o Aotearoa

Ka tū ngā Pakanga Whenua o Aotearoa i waenga i ngā tau 1840 me 1860. Ka hua mai ēnei pakanga i ngā takahanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi me ngā tohe whenua.

I te wā o ngā pakanga, i muri atu anō, he nui ngā whenua Māori i raupatuhia e te kāwanatanga i Te Ika a Māui. Nā te New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, ka whakaaetia te tangohanga o te whenua e te Karauna i ngā iwi 'e tohe ana' i te mana o te kāwanatanga.

Rapua ētahi atu kōrero mō ngā Pakanga Whenua 

Te pūnaha Torrens

I mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā, he takohanga kotahi ā te Māori mō te whenua. Kāore i te tangata kotahi te rangatiratanga.

Pēhea te rangatiratanga o te whenua Māori i tēnei rā

I te taenga mai o te Pākehā, he take kia whakatūria tētahi pūnaha hei whakahaere i te whakawhitinga whenua. Ka toko ake i te tau 1870 ko te ture Land Transfer Act. Ka whakawhirinaki atu te ture Land Transfer Act ki te “pūnaha Torrens” hei pūnaha matua, hei puna tūturu mō ngā taitara whenua katoa ka taurangitia e te Karauna. I mua i te putanga o te ture Land Transfer Act, ko te pepa ko te pukapuka tuku te mahi whakahaere.

Nā te whakaurunga o te pūnaha Torrens te hoko mai, te hoko atu o te whenua Māori i ngāwari ake. Ā, i ētahi wā, kāore i tika te whakamau kōrero nō wai te whenua, kātahi, ka whakapūmautia te manenetanga o te Māori i tōna whenua.

He kōrero anō mō te pūnaha Torrens

Mā Toitū te Whenua (LINZ) ngā mauhanga whenua katoa e tiaki.

He kōrero anō mō Toitū te Whenua

Te hūnukutanga ki te tāone

Nō te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka hūnuku te tokomaha o ngā Māori, atu i ō rātou whenua ki ngā tāone, kimi mahi ai. Ka hūnuku ngā Māori ki ngā tāone, ka ākina rātou ki te hāpai i ngā tikanga a te Pākehā.

I mua mai i Te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, kei tōna 90% te nui o ngā Māori e noho ana ki runga i ō rātou whenua, e pātata ana rānei ki aua whenua. I ēnei rā, nā te ruarua o ngā tūranga mahi e pātata ana ki ngā papakāinga, kei te takiwā o te 80% te nui o ngā Māori e noho ana ki ngā tāone.

Nā te tokomaha o ngā Māori e noho ana ki waho atu i ō rātou whenua, e whai ana hoki i te ao Pākehā, kua puta mai ēnei āhuatanga:

• kua haehaea ngā hononga ki te whenua me ngā mahi a te kaitiaki
• kua whakataumahahia ngā whanaunga o te wā kāinga e ngā mahi whakahaere whenua
• he uaua te whakapā atu ki ngā whānau e noho ana ki waho atu o te whenua

He nui ngā iwi me ngā hapū e kimi ana i ngā huarahi hei whakawhanake i te whenua kia āhei ētahi atu o te whānau ki te hoki atu, ki te kuhu atu, ki ngā mahi ki runga i ngā papakāinga.

Te hūnukutanga o te Māori ki te tāone

Te whakatūnga o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi

Ka whakatūria te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1975, koia hoki te tau i tū te hīkoi mai i Te Hiku o te Ika ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara e whakahē ana i te ngarohanga o te whenua.

Ka whakatūria te taraipiunara hei whakatakoto i tētahi tukanga ā-ture kia rangona, kia whakatutukihia ngā kerēme a te Māori e pā ana ki ngā whatinga o te Tiriti o Waitangi.

Nā te taraipiunara ngā iwi, ngā hapū me ngā whānau i āwhina ki te whiriwhiri i ngā nawe o mua i te taha o te Karauna. Kua tutuki ngā take maha, waihoki ko ngā kerēme whenua.

Ngā ture e whai pānga ana ki ngā whenua Māori

• Ture mō ngā Whenua Māori 1862 me 1865 — ka whakatūria te Kōti Whakawā Whenua Māori, ka whakatūria ngā taitara tangata takitahi hei whakakore i ngā taitara ā-rōpū o mua.
• Ture Whakatau Manene ki Niu Tīreni 1863 — ka pānuihia te whakatau, ka raupatuhia ngā whenua o ngā iwi 'e tohe ana' i te mana o te kāwanatanga.
• Native Lands Rating Actu 1882  — ka tāpaea te utu rēti ki runga i te whenua Māori, ki te kore ngā rēti i utua, ka whakaaetia te tangohanga o te whenua.
• Public Works Act 1864  — ka whakaaetia te tangohanga o te whenua Māori mō ngā mahinga a te kāwanatanga, pērā i te mahi rori.
• Ture Whenua Māori 1909 — ka haukotia ngā hokonga whenua Māori a te Karauna, kia hui ngā kaipupuri katoa, kia whakaae hoki rātou ki te hokonga atu.
• 1920  — Native Trustee Act — ka whakatūria te Native Trustee me te Native Trustee Office. Ko te whāinga nui, kia āwhinatia te Māori ki te whakahaere tōtika i ngā toenga whenua.
• 1935 — ka whakatūria Te Kōti Whenua Māori.
• 1947 — ka whakatūria te Department of Māori Affairs.
• 1953 — Ture mō ngā Take Māori 1953 — ka tohua te kaitiaki ki te tuku i ngā hea, kāore i nui ngā hua moni (kei raro iho te wariu i te £25), nō ngā whenua e mau ana i ngā tāngata maha, hei hoko atu ki ētahi atu kaipupuri whenua, ki te kāwanatanga rānei.
• 1967  — nā te whakahoutanga o te Māori Purposes Act ka whakaaetia te huringa o te whenua Māori ki te whenua Pākehā mēnā kei raro iho te nui o ngā kaipupuri i te tokowhā.
• 1975  — ka whakatūria te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi.
• 1985  — Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act,  ka āhei te Taraipiunara ki te whiriwhiri i ngā kerēme mai i te tau 1840, arā, i te tau i hainatia ai te Tiriti.
• 1993  — Te Ture Whenua Māori Act,  koia te wā tuatahi i whakapuakina te hiranga o te whenua ki te Māori, ka whakatairangatia hoki te mana pupuri whenua i raro i te ture.

Te ture – te Māori me te ture

Tukua atu

He hītori o te whenua Māori — Kape matihiko [PDF 978KB]

He hītori o te whenua Māori — Kia tāia ki te pepa [PDF 328KB]